What is meant by the following terms? Give an example of the reaction in each case. (i) Cyanohydrin (ii) Acetal (iii) Semicarbazone (iv) Aldol (v) Hemiacetal (vi) Oxime (vii) Ketal (vii) Imine(ix) 2,4-DNP-derivative (x) Schiff’s base

Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature: (I) CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CHO (II) CH₃CH₂COCH(C₂H₅)CH₂CH₂Cl (III) CH₃CH=CHCHO (IV) CH₃COCH₂COCH₃ (V) CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂C(CH₃)₂COCH₃ (VI) (CH₃)₃CCH₂COOH (VII) OHCC6H4CHO-p

Draw the structures of the following compounds. (i) 3-Methylbutanal (ii) p-Nitropropiophenone (iii) p-Methylbenzaldehyde (iv) 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one (v) 4-Chloropentan-2-one (vi) 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid(vii) p,p’-Dihydroxybenzophenone (viii) Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid

Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names. (i) CH₃CO(CH₂)₄CH₃(ii) CH₃CH₂CHBrCH₂CH(CH₃)CHO (iii) CH₃(CH₂)₅CHO (iv) Ph-CH=CH-CHO(v) (vi) PhCOPh

Draw structures of the following derivatives. (I) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone ofbenzaldehyde (II) Cyclopropanoneoxime (III) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal (IV) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone (V) The ethylene ketal ofhexan-3-one (VI) The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents. (I) PhMgBr and thenH₃O⁺ (II) Tollens’reagent (III) Semicarbazide and weakacid (IV) Excess ethanol andacid (V) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid

Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction. (i) Methanal (ii) 2-Methylpentanal (iii) Benzaldehyde (iv) Benzophenone (v) Cyclohexanone (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone (vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-1-ol(ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal

How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?(i) Butane-1, 3-diol (ii) But-2-enal (iii) But-2-enoic acid

Write structural formulas and names of four possible aldol condensation products from propanal and butanal. In each case, indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile.

An organic compound with the molecular formula C₉H₁₀O forms 2, 4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

An organic compound (A) (molecular formula C₈H₁₆O₂) was hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid to give a carboxylic acid (B) and an alcohol (C). Oxidation of (C) with chromic acid produced (B). (C) on dehydration gives but-1-ene.Write equations for the reactions involved.

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated: (I) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN) (II) CH₃CH₂CH(Br)COOH, CH₃CH(Br)CH₂COOH, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH (acid strength) (III) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acidstrength)

Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. (I) Propanal andPropanone (II) Acetophenone andBenzophenone (III) Phenol and Benzoicacid (IV) Benzoic acid and Ethylbenzoate (V) Pentan-2-one andPentan-3-one (VI) Benzaldehyde andAcetophenone (VII) Ethanal and Propanal

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbonatom (i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid (iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid (v) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.

How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps? (I) Propanone toPropene (II) Benzoic acid toBenzaldehyde (III) Ethanol to3-Hydroxybutanal (IV) Benzene tom-Nitroacetophenone (V) Benzaldehyde toBenzophenone (VI) Bromobenzene to1-Phenylethanol (VII) Benzaldehyde to3-Phenylpropan-1-ol (VIII) Benazaldehyde to a-Hydroxyphenylaceticacid (IX) Benzoic acid to m- Nitrobenzyl alcohol

Describe the following: (I) Acetylation (II) Cannizzaroreaction (III) Cross aldolcondensation (IV) Decarboxylation

Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII)

Give plausible explanation for each of the following: (I) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2, 2, 6 trimethylcyclohexanone doesnot. (II) There are two -NH₂ groups in semicarbazide. However, only one is involved in the formation ofsemicarbazones. (III) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed.

An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon, 11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen. The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollens’ reagent but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogensulphite and give positive iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic and propanoic acid. Write the possible structure of the compound.

Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion, carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?

Write the structures of the following compounds. (I) a-Methoxypropionaldehyde (II) 3-Hydroxybutanal (III) 2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarbaldehyde (IV) 4-Oxopentanal (V) Di-sec-butylketone (VI) 4-Fluoroacetophenone

Write the structures of products of the following reactions; (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points. CH₃CHO, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃OCH₃, CH₃CH₂CH₃

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions. (I) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone,Butanone. (II) Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde,Acetophenone. Hint:Consider steric effect and electronic effect.

Predict the products of the following reactions: (i) (ii) (I) (II)

Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds: (i) PhCH₂CH₂COOH (ii)(CH₃)₂C=CHCOOH (iii) (iv)

Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid. (i) Ethylbenzene (ii) Acetophenone (iii) Bromobenzene (iv) Phenylethene (Styrene)

Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger? (I) CH₃CO₂H orCH₂FCO₂H (II) CH₂FCO₂H orCH₂ClCO₂H (III) CH₂FCH₂CH₂CO₂H orCH₃CHFCH₂CO₂H (IV)